Giuseppe Antonio Borgese (G.A. 波尔杰塞)

Borgese was born in Polizzi Generosa, Sicily on November 12, 1882 and was raised by relatives in nearby Palermo.
During the academic year 1899–1900, under pressure from his father who wanted him to be a lawyer, he enrolled in the Faculty of Law of the University of Palermo.
In 1900, he moved to Florence where, at the Institute of Higher Studies, he followed the courses of Girolamo Vitelli, Pio Rajna, Pasquale Villari, Achille Coen, and Guido Mazzoni. He received his doctorate in literature from the University of Florence in 1903.
During this period Borgese made several literary contributions, including the naming of the early 20th century Italian poetic movement, crepuscolarismo (the twilight school), characterized by themes of disillusionment, nostalgia, and simplicity of form.
From his marriage with the writer Maria Freschi he had two children: Leonardo (1904) and Giovanna (1911).
In his early years he founded several literary reviews, including the Dannunzian Hermes (1904), and worked for newspapers such as Corriere della Sera, La Stampa, and Il Mattino. He also contributed to the Leonardo magazine.
He taught German literature and aesthetics at the universities of Turin, Rome, and Milan until 1931 when, due to his opposition of the Fascist regime, he was forced to move to the United States. There he declared himself a political exile and became an U.S. citizen in 1938. When the Italian-American antifascist Mazzini Society was founded in 1939, Borgese joined it. He was the William Allan Neilson Professor at Smith College from 1932 to 1935 and was a professor at the Universities of Chicago and California until the end of World War II, where he befriended Thomas Mann. In 1939 Borgese married Mann’s youngest daughter, Elisabeth, with whom he had two daughters,…